« Expédition chinoise au Tibet (1720) » : différence entre les versions

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Version du 5 juin 2016 à 13:14

L’expédition chinoise au Tibet de 1720 est une expédition lancée par l'empereur mandchou Kangxi, second de la dynastie Qing, qui escorta le 7^e dalaï-lama depuis le monastère de Kumbum dans l'Amdo à Lhassa, et chassa les Dzoungars qui avaient mis fin à l'influence des Mongols khoshot. Elle se termina par la prise de Lhassa le 24 septembre 1720, l’intronisation du 7^e dalaï-lama le 16 octobre de la même année et la mise en place d'une garnison et d'un commissaire impérial ou amban jusqu'en 1912, où prit fin la dynastie Qing^[1].

Contexte

Appelés à l'aide par les Tibétains, les Dzoungars ont raison de Lhazang Khan, petit-fils de Güshi Khan, qui avait tué Sangyé Gyatso, le régent du Tibet, et avait déclaré le 6^e dalaï-lama comme usurpateur, le remplaçant par Yeshe Gyatso. Mais, une fois à Lhassa, les Dzoungars emprisonnent Yeshe Gyatso, ce qui entraîne l'intervention militaire chinoise de 1720^[1].

Déroulement

En octobre 1720, l'armée impériale mandchoue chasse les Dzoungars de Lhassa. Elle arrête et exécute les principaux dignitaires tibétains ayant soutenu les Dzoungars, le |régent Tagtsepa (en) y compris, et mettent en place le 7^e dalaï-lama, Kelzang Gyatso, jusque-là tenu sous protection des Qing au monastère de Kumbum^[2]. Les Qing ont en effet décidé d'établir une sorte de protectorat plus ou moins lâche sur le Tibet afin d'y faire prévaloir leurs intérêts dynastiques. Ils protègeront les Tibétains des conflits avec les pays voisins ainsi qu'entre eux-mêmes et laisseront leurs chefs régner sur le Tibet d'une manière qui ne soit pas hostile aux intérêts des Qing^[3].

La fonction de régent est remplacée par un cabinet de ministres (kalön) pris parmi les partisans de Lhazang Khan et présidé par l'un d'eux, Khangchennas (ou Khangchenné)^[4].

À Lhassa, dont les murs ont été abattus, les troupes sont constituées de 2 000 soldats à l'automne 1720. La route entre Ta-chien-lu (ou Larégo) et Lhassa est protégée par des détachements stationnant à Lithang, Bathang, Chamdo, en plus de Ta-chien-lu. Des mesures sont prises également pour que la garnison de Lhassa puisse rapidement recevoir des renforts^[5].

En 1723, l'empereur Yongzheng, qui a succédé à Kangsi, décide de retirer les troupes chinoises de Lhassa afin qu'elles ne pèsent pas sur l'économie du Tibet, privant de ce fait les administrateurs tibétains de tout secours militaire^[6].

Suites

À la suite de l'écrasement de la rébellion du prince Khoshot Chingwang Lozang Tenzin au Kokonor (Amdo), la dynastie Qing en 1724 sépare cette région du Tibet central et la place sous son autorité tandis que le Kham oriental est incorporé dans les provinces chinoises limitrophes en 1728^[7]^,^[8]. Un commissaire ou amban est envoyé à Lhassa en 1727^[9].

Notes et références

↑ ^{a et b} (en) Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1997, p. 42 : « The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720. This was the first instance of troops from China ever entering Lhasa. From then until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet. »
↑ Ram Rahul, op. cit., p. 42 : « The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720 ».
↑ (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, chapter The Imperial Era, p. 14 : « the emperor saw Tibet as an important buffer for western China (Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) and was unwilling to allow it to remain in the control of his enemy, the Dzungars.[8] Consequently, he ordered a second, larger army into Tibet, sending the young seventh Dalai Lama with them. [...] This time the Dzungars were defeated, and in October 1720 the Qing army entered Lhasa with the new seventh Dalai Lama. Qing troops now controlled Lhasa and Tibet. [...] Now the Qing decided to create a kind of loose protectorate over Tibet to enforce its dynastic interests. The powerful Qing dynasty would protect Tibet from external and internal conflict, leaving Tibetan leaders it approved of to rule Tibet in a manner that was not inimical to Qing interests. »
↑ Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, op. cit., p. 14-15 : « The Qing made a number of important changes in the administration of Tibet. They [...] arrested and executed the main pro-Dzungar officials, including the Tibetan regent the Dzungars had appointed. The Qing solidified their new dominance in Tibet by building a military garrison in Lhasa and staffing it with several thousand troops. They also eliminated the office of regent (initiated by the Qoshot Mongols in 1642), replacing it in 1721 with collective rule by four ministers (kalön), one of whom, Khangchennas, was appointed chairman. All four ministers were important lay Tibetan officials who had supported Lhabsang Khan and opposed the Dzungar's invasion. »
↑ W. W. Rockhill, The Dalai Lama of Lhasa (lire en ligne), p. 41-42 : « In the autumn of 1720 […] A mongol garrison of 2,000 men was left in Lhasa, and the walls of the city was demolished. The road between Ta-chien-lu and Lhassa was kept open by detachments of troops stationed at Lit'ang, Bat'ang, Ch'amdo and Larégo, and other measures were adopted by which the garrisson of Lhasa could be promptly supported ».
↑ Françoise Wang-Toutain, Les empereurs Mandchous et le Tibet, in Compte rendu de la journée de conférences organisée au Sénat le 3 mars 2012 sur « L'histoire du Tibet du XVII^e au XXI^e siècle », Groupe d'information internationale sur le Tibet, p. 25-33.
↑ (en) Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A political history, New Haven & London, 1967, p. 141.
↑ Laurent Deshayes, Histoire du Tibet, Fayard, 1997, p. 166 : « les anciens protecteurs qoshots se sont rassemblés sur leurs terres du Kokonor. Poussés par l'idée d'une revanche contre les Qing, ils attaquent l'empire l'année même de la mort de Kangxi. Mais le vent de la défaite souffle sur eux, et en 1724, le Kokonor est définitivement intégré à l'empire de Chine. L'ancienne province tibétaine de l'Amdo, qui constituait l'essentiel de leur domaine, devient une province chinoise (Qinghai). L'aire sur laquelle le Dalai Lama a autorité est donc amputée du Nord-Est. »
↑ (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow lion and the Dragon, op. cit., p. 18.

Lien externe

Tibet sous la tutelle des Qing

[Ram_Rahul-1] {a et b} (en) Ram Rahul, Central Asia: an outline, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1997, p. 42 : « The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720. This was the first instance of troops from China ever entering Lhasa. From then until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet. »

[2] Ram Rahul, op. cit., p. 42 : « The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720 ».

[3] (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, chapter The Imperial Era, p. 14 : « the emperor saw Tibet as an important buffer for western China (Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) and was unwilling to allow it to remain in the control of his enemy, the Dzungars.[8] Consequently, he ordered a second, larger army into Tibet, sending the young seventh Dalai Lama with them. [...] This time the Dzungars were defeated, and in October 1720 the Qing army entered Lhasa with the new seventh Dalai Lama. Qing troops now controlled Lhasa and Tibet. [...] Now the Qing decided to create a kind of loose protectorate over Tibet to enforce its dynastic interests. The powerful Qing dynasty would protect Tibet from external and internal conflict, leaving Tibetan leaders it approved of to rule Tibet in a manner that was not inimical to Qing interests. »

[4] Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, op. cit., p. 14-15 : « The Qing made a number of important changes in the administration of Tibet. They [...] arrested and executed the main pro-Dzungar officials, including the Tibetan regent the Dzungars had appointed. The Qing solidified their new dominance in Tibet by building a military garrison in Lhasa and staffing it with several thousand troops. They also eliminated the office of regent (initiated by the Qoshot Mongols in 1642), replacing it in 1721 with collective rule by four ministers (kalön), one of whom, Khangchennas, was appointed chairman. All four ministers were important lay Tibetan officials who had supported Lhabsang Khan and opposed the Dzungar's invasion. »

[5] W. W. Rockhill, The Dalai Lama of Lhasa (lire en ligne), p. 41-42 : « In the autumn of 1720 […] A mongol garrison of 2,000 men was left in Lhasa, and the walls of the city was demolished. The road between Ta-chien-lu and Lhassa was kept open by detachments of troops stationed at Lit'ang, Bat'ang, Ch'amdo and Larégo, and other measures were adopted by which the garrisson of Lhasa could be promptly supported ».

[6] Françoise Wang-Toutain, Les empereurs Mandchous et le Tibet, in Compte rendu de la journée de conférences organisée au Sénat le 3 mars 2012 sur « L'histoire du Tibet du XVII^e au XXI^e siècle », Groupe d'information internationale sur le Tibet, p. 25-33.

[7] (en) Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A political history, New Haven & London, 1967, p. 141.

[8] Laurent Deshayes, Histoire du Tibet, Fayard, 1997, p. 166 : « les anciens protecteurs qoshots se sont rassemblés sur leurs terres du Kokonor. Poussés par l'idée d'une revanche contre les Qing, ils attaquent l'empire l'année même de la mort de Kangxi. Mais le vent de la défaite souffle sur eux, et en 1724, le Kokonor est définitivement intégré à l'empire de Chine. L'ancienne province tibétaine de l'Amdo, qui constituait l'essentiel de leur domaine, devient une province chinoise (Qinghai). L'aire sur laquelle le Dalai Lama a autorité est donc amputée du Nord-Est. »

[9] (en) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow lion and the Dragon, op. cit., p. 18.

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 == Déroulement ==
-En octobre 1720, l'armée impériale mandchoue chasse les Dzoungars de Lhassa. Elle arrête et exécute les principaux dignitaires tibétains ayant soutenu les Dzoungars, le |[[Régent du Tibet|régent]] {{Lien|lang=en|fr=Tagtsepa}} y compris, et mettent en place le {{7e|dalaï-lama}}, [[Kelzang Gyatso]], jusque là tenu sous protection des Qing au [[monastère de Kumbum]]<ref>Ram Rahul, {{opcit}}, {{p.|42}} : {{Citation étrangère|langue=en|The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720}}.</ref>. Les Qing ont en effet décidé d'établir une sorte de protectorat plus ou moins lâche sur le Tibet afin d'y faire prévaloir leurs intérêts dynastiques. Ils protègeront les Tibétains des conflits avec les pays voisins ainsi qu'entre eux-mêmes et laisseront leurs chefs régner sur le Tibet d'une manière qui ne soit pas hostile aux intérêts des Qing<ref>{{en}} Melvyn C. Goldstein, [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2199n7f4&chunk.id=d0e102&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e102&brand=ucpress ''The Snow Lion and the Dragon''], chapter The Imperial Era, {{p.|14}} : {{Citation étrangère|langue=en|the emperor saw Tibet as an important buffer for western China (Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) and was unwilling to allow it to remain in the control of his enemy, the Dzungars.[8] Consequently, he ordered a second, larger army into Tibet, sending the young seventh Dalai Lama with them. [...] This time the Dzungars were defeated, and in October 1720 the Qing army entered Lhasa with the new seventh Dalai Lama. Qing troops now controlled Lhasa and Tibet. [...] Now the Qing decided to create a kind of loose protectorate over Tibet to enforce its dynastic interests. The powerful Qing dynasty would protect Tibet from external and internal conflict, leaving Tibetan leaders it approved of to rule Tibet in a manner that was not inimical to Qing interests.}}</ref>.
+En octobre 1720, l'armée impériale mandchoue chasse les Dzoungars de Lhassa. Elle arrête et exécute les principaux dignitaires tibétains ayant soutenu les Dzoungars, le |[[Régent du Tibet|régent]] {{Lien|lang=en|fr=Tagtsepa}} y compris, et mettent en place le {{7e|dalaï-lama}}, [[Kelzang Gyatso]], jusque-là tenu sous protection des Qing au [[monastère de Kumbum]]<ref>Ram Rahul, {{opcit}}, {{p.|42}} : {{Citation étrangère|langue=en|The elimination of Lobzang Khan was most disquieting to Emperor K'ang Hsi (r. 1662-1722), the second emperor of Manchu China and the third son of Emperor Sun Chih. With a remarkable volte-face, K'ang Hsi put himself as the champion of legitimacy. After keeping Kesang Gyatso (1708-57), the rebirth of Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, under surveillance at the Kumbum Monastery in Amdo for nearly ten years, he recognized him (Kesang Gyatso) as the seventh Dalai Lama. A Manchu detachment, commanded by General Yen Hsi and escorting Kesang Gyatso from Kumbum to Lhasa, entered Lhasa on 24 September 1720 and drove the Zungars out of Tibet. It installed Kesang Gyatso on the throne in the Potala on 16 October 1720}}.</ref>. Les Qing ont en effet décidé d'établir une sorte de protectorat plus ou moins lâche sur le Tibet afin d'y faire prévaloir leurs intérêts dynastiques. Ils protègeront les Tibétains des conflits avec les pays voisins ainsi qu'entre eux-mêmes et laisseront leurs chefs régner sur le Tibet d'une manière qui ne soit pas hostile aux intérêts des Qing<ref>{{en}} Melvyn C. Goldstein, [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2199n7f4&chunk.id=d0e102&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e102&brand=ucpress ''The Snow Lion and the Dragon''], chapter The Imperial Era, {{p.|14}} : {{Citation étrangère|langue=en|the emperor saw Tibet as an important buffer for western China (Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) and was unwilling to allow it to remain in the control of his enemy, the Dzungars.[8] Consequently, he ordered a second, larger army into Tibet, sending the young seventh Dalai Lama with them. [...] This time the Dzungars were defeated, and in October 1720 the Qing army entered Lhasa with the new seventh Dalai Lama. Qing troops now controlled Lhasa and Tibet. [...] Now the Qing decided to create a kind of loose protectorate over Tibet to enforce its dynastic interests. The powerful Qing dynasty would protect Tibet from external and internal conflict, leaving Tibetan leaders it approved of to rule Tibet in a manner that was not inimical to Qing interests.}}</ref>.
 La fonction de régent est remplacée par un cabinet de ministres (''kalön'') pris parmi les partisans de Lhazang Khan et présidé par l'un d'eux, Khangchennas (ou Khangchenné)<ref>Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''The Snow Lion and the Dragon'', {{opcit}}, {{p.|14-15}} : {{Citation étrangère|langue=en|The Qing made a number of important changes in the administration of Tibet. They [...] arrested and executed the main pro-Dzungar officials, including the Tibetan regent the Dzungars had appointed. The Qing solidified their new dominance in Tibet by building a military garrison in Lhasa and staffing it with several thousand troops. They also eliminated the office of regent (initiated by the Qoshot Mongols in 1642), replacing it in 1721 with collective rule by four ministers (kalön), one of whom, Khangchennas, was appointed chairman. All four ministers were important lay Tibetan officials who had supported Lhabsang Khan and opposed the Dzungar's invasion.}}</ref>.