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Liste d'attaques sur des civils attribuées aux forces gouvernementales srilankaises[modifier | modifier le code]

Cette page fournit une liste d'attaques sur des civils attribuées aux forces gouvernementales srilankaises : forces armées srilankaises, rmée de l'air sri-lankaise, forces navales du Sri Lanka (en), police du Sri Lanka (en), etc. Elle ne traite pas de la liste des assassinats effectués par les forces gouvernementales du Sri Lanka, qui sont traités par l'article en anglais List of people killed by Sri Lankan government forces.

Les forces armées du Sri Lanka, qui sont presque exclusivement constituées de personnel appartenant à l'ethnie cingalaise[1] se sont livrées à plusieurs actions violentes contre des Tamouls, y compris de nombreux exemples de massacres de civils, de nettoyages ethniques, de pogroms, de disparitions forcées, de violences sexuelles, de destructions de propriété et d'assassinats des leaders civils tamouls[2].

À l'opposé de cette liste, il existe également une liste des attentats attribués au LTTE.

Les attaques dans l'ordre chronologique[modifier | modifier le code]

Cette liste est incomplète ou mal ordonnée. Votre aide est la bienvenue !
Attaque Date Lieu District Province Nombre de
morts 		Coupables Refs
Incident lors de la conférence tamoule de 1974 Jaffna Jaffna Northern 9 Police [3][4][5]
Massacre de Puttalam Puttalam Puttalam North Western 6-7 Police [3][6][7][8]
Pogrom communal Jour invalide (1983)-July 1983 Nationwide 3 000 Army [9]
Massacre de Thirunelveli Thirunelveli Jaffna Northern 51 Army [9]
Massacre de Sampalthoddam Sampalthoddam Vavuniya Northern 55-70 Army [9]
Massacre du poste de police de Chunnakam Chunnakam Jaffna Northern 19-20 Police [9]
Massacre du marché de Chunnakam Chunnakam Jaffna Northern 10 Air Force [10][11][12]
Mathawachchi – Rampawa Mathawachchi Vavuniya Northern 15 Army [9]
Point Pedro massacre Point Pedro Jaffna Northern 16 Police [9]
Othiyamalai massacre Othiyamalai Mullaitivu Northern 29-32 Army [13][14][15]
Cheddikulam massacre Cheddikulam Vavuniya Northern 52 Army [9]
Kumulamunai massacre Kumulamunai Mullaitivu Northern 7 Army [9]
Thennamarawadi massacre <span data-sort-value="">2-4 December 1984 Thennamarawadi Trincomalee Eastern 26 Army [16]
Manal Aru massacre Manal Aru Mullaitivu Northern 100+ Army [9]
Amaravayal massacre <span data-sort-value="">3-4 December 1984 Amarivayal Trincomalee Eastern 30-50 Army [16]
Mannar massacre Murunkan Mannar Northern 107-150 Army [17][18][19][20][21]
Kokkilai massacres Several locations Mullaitivu Northern 131 Army [9]
Mulliyavalai massacre Mulliyavalai Mullaitivu Northern 52 Army [9]
Vadakkandal massacre Vadakkandal Mannar Northern 52 Air Force,
Army		 [9]
Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 30 Army [9]
Trincomalee massacres <span data-sort-value="">May-September 1985 Several places Trincomalee Eastern 280+ Navy, Army,
Home Guards		 [9][22]
1985 Valvettithurai massacre Valvettithurai Jaffna Northern 46-70 Army [9][19][23][24]
Kumudini boat massacre Sea Jaffna Northern 23 Navy [25][26]
Thambattai massacre Thambattai Ampara Eastern 23 Police (STF) [27]
Killiveddy massacre Killiveddy Trincomalee Eastern 44 Police [28]
Vavuniya massacre Vavuniya Vavuniya Northern 200+ Army [29]
Muttur massacre <span data-sort-value="">8-11 November 1985 Muttur Trincomalee Eastern 30-100 Army, Navy,
Air Force		 [9]
Kantalai massacre Kantalai Trincomalee Eastern 6 Army [9]
Akkaraipattu massacre Akkaraipattu Ampara Eastern 80 Army [30][31][32]
Gurunagar fishermen sea massacre Mandaitivu Jaffna Northern 33 Navy [33][34]
Suppression of the JVP insurrection <span data-sort-value="">1987-89 Nationwide Tens of
thousands		 Government [35][36][37][38][39][40]
Prawn farm massacre / Kokkadichcholai massacre Kokkadichcholai Batticaloa Eastern 83 Police (STF) [41][42][43][44][45]
Nittambuwa massacre Nittambuwa Gampaha Western 12 Police [46]
Sammanthurai massacre Sammanthurai Ampara Eastern 37 Home Guards [9]
Kalmunai massacre Kalmunai Ampara Eastern 160-250 Army [47][48][49][50]
Thiriyai massacre Jour invalide (1990) (mid) Thiriyai Trincomalee Eastern 25-35 Army [51]
Thuranilavani massacre Jour invalide (1990) Thuranilavani Batticaloa Eastern 60+ Army [9]
Veeramunai massacre Jour invalide (1990) - 15 August 1990 Veeramunai Ampara Eastern 232 Home Guards [9]
Paranthan junction massacre Jour invalide (1990) -15 August 1990 Paranthan Kilinochchi Northern 10 Army [9]
Siththandy massacre Jour invalide (1990) - 15 August 1990 Siththandy Batticaloa Northern 137 Army [9]
Poththuvil massacre Jour invalide (1990) Poththuvil Ampara Northern 137 Army [9]
Koraveli massacre Jour invalide (1990) Koraveli Batticaloa Eastern 15 Army [9]
Natipiddymunai masscre Jour invalide (1990) Natipiddymunai Ampara Eastern 23 Police STF [9]
Neliiyadi marketing bombing Jour invalide (1990) Neliiyadi Jaffna Northern 16 Army [9]
Oddusuddan bombing Jour invalide (1990) Oddusuddan Mullaitivu Northern 23 Air Force [9]
Eastern University massacre / Vantharamulai campus massacre Batticaloa Batticaloa Eastern 158 Army [27][52][53]
Batticaloa massacre / Sathurukondan massacre Batticaloa Batticaloa Eastern 205 Army [27][54][55][56][57][58][59]
Chavakachcheri market massacre Chavakachcheri Jaffna Northern 12 Army [60]
Kondaichchi massacre Kondaichchi Mannar Northern 4 Army [60]
Eravur massacre Eravur Batticaloa Eastern 6 Home Guards [60]
Iruthayapuram massacre Iruthayapuram Batticaloa Eastern 11 Police [60]
Nayanmar Thidal massacre Nayanmar Thidal, Tampalakamam Trincomalee Eastern 4 [61]
Kokkadichcholai massacre Kokkadichcholai Batticaloa Eastern 152 Army [27][42][43][53][62][63][64]
Polonnaruwa massacre Muthugal and Karapola Polonnaruwa North Central 87 Home Guards,
Police		 [27][65][66]
Mylanthanai massacre Mylanthanai Batticaloa Eastern 35 Army [27][67][68][69]
Paliyadvaddai massacre Paliyadvaddai Batticaloa Eastern 10-11 [70]
Jaffna lagoon massacre / Kilaly massacre Jaffna Lagoon Jaffna Northern 35-100 Navy [71][72][73][74]
Vannathi Aru massacre Vannathi Aru Batticaloa Eastern 16 Army [27]
Kalviankadu massacre Kalviankadu Jaffna Northern 6 Air Force [75]
Jaffna lagoon massacre Jaffna Lagoon Jaffna Northern 19 Navy [75]
Gurunagar church bombing Gurunagar Jaffna Northern 19 Air Force [9]
Chundikulam massacre Chundikulam Kilinochchi Northern 10 Navy [9]
Pulmoddai massacre Pulmoddai Trincomalee Eastern 5 Army [76]
Navaly church bombing Navaly Jaffna Northern 125 Air Force [77][78][79]
Nagerkovil school bombing Nagerkovil Jaffna Northern 71 Air Force [80][81][82]
Kumarapuram massacre / Trincomalee massacre / Killiveddy massacre Kumarapuram Trincomalee Eastern 24 Army [83][84][85][86][87]
Nachchikuda strafing Poonagari Kilinochchi Northern 16 Army [9]
Kilinochchi town massacre Kilinochchi Kilinochchi Northern 184 Army [9]
Tampalakamam massacre Tampalakamam Trincomalee Eastern 8 Police,
Home Guards		 [88][89][90][90]
Visuvamadhu shelling Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 8 Air Force [9]
Chundikulam massacre Chundikulam Kilinochchi Northern 7 Air Force [9]
Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 21 Air Force [91]
Palinagar bombing Suthanthirapuram Mullaitivu Northern 25 Air Force [9]
Madhu church massacre Madhu Mannar Northern 40 Air Force [9]
Pallikuda bombing Pallikuda Kilinochchi Northern 5 Air Force [92]
Silivaturai massacre Silivaturai Mannar Northern 5 Navy [92]
Columbuthurai massacre Columbuthurai Jaffna Northern 5 Army [92]
Mirusuvil massacre Mirusuvil Jaffna Northern 8 Army [93][93][94][95][96]
Trincomalee massacre Trincomalee Trincomalee Eastern 5 Police (STF) [97][98][98][99][100]
Allaipiddy massacre Allaipiddy Jaffna Northern 13 Navy, EPDP [101][102][103]
Nedunkal pressure mine attack Nedunkal Batticaloa Eastern 10 Army [104]
Vankalai massacre Vankalai Mannar Northern 4 Army [105]
Pesalai Church attack Pesalai Mannar Northern 6 Navy [106][107][108]
Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers / Muttur massacre Muttur Trincomalee Eastern 17 Police,
Home Guards		 [109][110]
St. Philip Neri Church shelling Allaipiddy Jaffna Northern 15 - 36 Army [111][112][113][114]
Chencholai bombing Mullaitivu Mullaitivu Northern 61 Air Force [115][116][117][118]
Vaharai Bombing / Vaharai Shelling Kathiraveli Batticaloa Eastern 45 Army [119]
Massacre at Thandikulam Thandikulam Vavuniya Northern 5 Police, Army [120][121][122]
Padahuthurai bombing / Illuppaikadavai bombing Illuppaikadavai Mannar Northern 15 Air Force [123][124]
Murukandy claymore attack Murukandy Mullaitivu Northern 16 Army [125]
Mullaitivu petrol station and bus depot bombing Mullaitivu Mullaitivu Northern 4 Air Force [126]
Thevipuram and Vaddakachchi shelling Thevipuram,
Vaddakachchi		 Mullaitivu Northern 5 Army [126]
Tharmapuram Hospital shelling Tharmapuram Mullaitivu Northern 7 Army [126][127]
Visuamadu shelling <span data-sort-value="">17-20 January 2009 Visuamadu Mullaitivu Northern 17 Army [128]
Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling Suthanthirapuram,
Thevipuram,
Udayarkattu,
Vallipuram		 Mullaitivu Northern 18+ Army [128]
Vallipuram Hospital shelling Vallipuram Mullaitivu Northern 5 Army [127][128]
Moonkilaru, Thevipuram and Udayarkattu shelling Moonkilaru,
Thevipuram,
Udayarkattu		 Mullaitivu Northern 40 Army [128]
Suthanthirapuram shelling Suthanthirapuram Junction Mullaitivu Northern 11+ Army [129]
Suthanthirapuram and Udayarkattu shelling Suthanthirapuram,
Udayarkattu		 Mullaitivu Northern 11 Army [130]
Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling <span data-sort-value="">26-31 January 2009 Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 210 Army [131]
Udayaarkaddu Hospital shelling Udayaarkaddu Mullaitivu Northern 12 Army [127][130]
Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling <span data-sort-value="">1-3 February 2009 Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 9+ Army [127][129][132][133]
Suthanthirapuram shelling Suthanthirapuram Mullaitivu Northern 3-58 Army [134]
Ponnambalam Memorial Hospital bombing <span data-sort-value="">5-6 February 2009 Near Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 75 (up to) [127][129][134]
Mahtalan, Moongilaru, Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling Mahtalan,
Moongilaru,
Suthanthirapuram,
Thevipuram,
Udayarkattu,
Vallipuram		 Mullaitivu Northern 48 Army [134]
Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 126 Army [135]
Putumattalan shelling Putumattalan Mullaitivu Northern 4 Army [136]
Suthanthirapuram shelling Suthanthirapuram Mullaitivu Northern 80 Army [136]
Devipuram shelling Devipuram Mullaitivu Northern 7 Army [136]
Pokkanai bombing Pokkanai Mullaitivu Northern 3 Air Force [136]
Mattalan shelling Mattalan Mullaitivu Northern 16 Army [136]
Putumattalan Hospital shelling <span data-sort-value="">9 February-20 April 2009 Putumattalan Mullaitivu Northern 51+ Army [127][129][137][138]
Mattalan, Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling <span data-sort-value="">11-12 February 2009 Mattalan,
Thevipuram,
Vallipuram		 Mullaitivu Northern 69 Army [139]
Iranaipalai shelling Iranaipalai Mullaitivu Northern 9 Army [139]
Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 14 Army [139]
Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling Thevipuram,
Vallipuram		 Mullaitivu Northern 36 Army [140]
Mullivaikkal and Putumattalan bombing and shelling Mullivaikkal,
Putumattalan		 Mullaitivu Northern 19 Army,
Air Force		 [140]
Valayanmadam shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 62 Army [140]
Mattalan shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 65 Army [140]
Valayanmadam shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 48 Army [140]
Ampalavanpokkanai, Idaikdu and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling Ampalavanpokkanai,
Idaikdu,
Puthukkudiyiruppu		 Mullaitivu Northern 128 Army [140]
Valayanmadam bombing Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 100+ Air Force [141]
Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Mullivaikkal and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling Ananthapuram,
Iranaipalai,
Mullivaikkal,
Puthukkudiyiruppu		 Mullaitivu Northern 17 Army [141]
Valayanmadam shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 12 Army [141]
Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Pokkanai, Puthukkudiyiruppu and Valayanmadam shelling Ananthapuram,
Iranaipalai,
Pokkanai,
Puthukkudiyiruppu,
Valayanmadam		 Mullaitivu Northern 92 Army [141]
Ampalavanpokkanai, Mattalan, Mullivaikkal, Pokkanai and Valayanmadam shelling Ampalavanpokkanai,
Mattalan,
Mullivaikkal,
Pokkanai,
Valayanmadam		 Mullaitivu Northern 69 Army [142]
Ananthapuram and Iranaipalai shelling Ananthapuram,
Iranaipalai		 Mullaitivu Northern 13 Army [143]
Iranaipalai shelling Iranaipalai Mullaitivu Northern 3 Army [143]
Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing and shelling <span data-sort-value="">25-26 February 2009 Puthukkudiyiruppu Mullaitivu Northern 45 Army,
Air Force		 [143]
Ampalavakanai and Mullivaikkal shelling Ampalavakanai,
Mullivaikkal		 Mullaitivu Northern 58 Army [144]
Mattalan and Valayanmadam shelling Mattalan,
Valayanmadam		 Mullaitivu Northern 57 Army [144]
Mattalan and Valayanmadam shelling Mattalan,
Valayanmadam		 Mullaitivu Northern 51-52 Army [144]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 21-52 Army [144]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 72 Army [145]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 32-38 Army [145]
Pokkanai shelling Pokkanai Mullaitivu Northern 5 Army [145]
Mattalan, Mullivaikkal and Pokkanai shelling Mattalan,
Mullivaikkal,
Pokkanai		 Mullaitivu Northern 52 Army [146]
Mattalan shelling Mattalan Mullaitivu Northern 8 Army [146]
Valayanmadam bombing Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 26 Air Force [147]
Valayanmadam shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 5 Army [148]
Mullivaikkal, Putumattalan and Valayanmadam shelling Mullivaikkal,
Putumattalan,
Valayanmadam		 Mullaitivu Northern 100+ Army [149]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 61 Army [150]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 51 Army [150]
Pokkanai shelling Pokkanai Mullaitivu Northern 20 Army [151]
Pokkanai shelling Pokkanai Mullaitivu Northern 31 Army [151]
No Fire Zone shelling No Fire Zone Mullaitivu Northern 60 Army [152]
Pokkanai shelling Pokkanai Mullaitivu Northern 4-5 Army [153]
Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 4-5 Air Force [127][153]
Valayanmadam shelling Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 10 Army [154]
Mullivaikkal Hospital bombings <span data-sort-value="">23 April-12 May 2009 Mullivaikkal Mullaitivu Northern 100+ Army,
Air Force		 [127][155][156][157][158][159][160]
Iraddayvaikkal and Mullivaikkal bombing Iraddayvaikkal,
Mullivaikkal		 Mullaitivu Northern 29 Air Force,
Navy		 [161]
Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing Valayanmadam Mullaitivu Northern 4-5 Army [162]
Welikada prison riot <span data-sort-value="">9-10 November 2012 Welikada Prison Colombo Western 27 Police (STF), Army [163][164]
Weliweriya Protestors' Attack Weliweirya Gampaha Western 3 Army [165][166][167]

Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]

  1. ↑ Thangavelu, V, « At Manal Aru ( Weli Oya ) Sinhalese State Ethnically Cleansed Tamils », Nakkeran (consulté le )
  2. ↑ « Genocide Against Tamil People: Massacres, Pogroms, Destruction of Property, Sexual Violence and Assassinations of Civil Society Leaders » [archive du ], People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka (PTSL) (consulté le )
  3. ↑ a et b (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 24: Tamil militancy - a manifestation »
  4. ↑ (en) Rajan Hoole, Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder, University Teachers for Human Rights, (ISBN 955-9447-04-1, lire en ligne), « Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity »
  5. ↑ (en) « 35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna », TamilNet,‎ (lire en ligne)
  6. ↑ (en) A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, S.J.V.Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977, C. Hurst & Co., (lire en ligne), p. 112
  7. ↑ « Asia Report N°134 - Sri Lanka’s Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire » [archive du ], International Crisis Group , , p. 4
  8. ↑ (en) D. B. S. Jeyaraj, « Ashraff’s mystique still lingers among Eastern Muslims », The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka),‎ (lire en ligne)
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah et ai (en) Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008), Chennai, NESOHR/Manitham Publications, (ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0), p. 15
  10. ↑ (en) Associated Press, « 10 Die in Sri Lanka As Troops Fire at Crowd », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 30: Whirlpool of violence »
  12. ↑ Nadesan Satyendra, « The Chunnakam Massacre », Tamil Nation,
  13. ↑ (en) T. Sabaratnam, « The ignored side of Balraj story », The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka),‎ (lire en ligne)
  14. ↑ « Janaka Perera », LankaNewspapers.com,
  15. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror »
  16. ↑ a et b (en) T. Sabaratnam, Pirapaharan: Volume Two, Ilankai Tamil Sangam (lire en ligne), « Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya »
  17. ↑ « Report No. 1 - Chapter 2 », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  18. ↑ (en) « Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered », TamilNet,‎ (lire en ligne)
  19. ↑ a et b (en) Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights, Human rights Watch, (ISBN 1-56432-152-5, lire en ligne)
  20. ↑ (en) Thomas Marks, Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam, Routledge, (ISBN 0-7146-4606-7), p. 197
  21. ↑ (en) Associated Press, « Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85 », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  22. ↑ « Special Report No. 26 - Can the East be won through Human Culling? », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  23. ↑ « Report No. 2 - Chapter 4 », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  24. ↑ (en) Rajan Hoole, Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder, University Teachers for Human Rights, (ISBN 955-9447-04-1, lire en ligne), p. 214
  25. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 32: Limbo between war and peace »
  26. ↑ (en) Daya Somasundaram, Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils, Sage Publications, (ISBN 0-7619-9267-7), p. 310
  27. ↑ a b c d e f et g « ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done? », Amnesty International,
  28. ↑ « Information Bulletin No.10 - Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  29. ↑ (en) « ARMY SLAUGHTERS 200 TAMILS, VAVUNIYA, 'A GHOST TOWN' », TAMIL TIMES,‎ (lire en ligne)
  30. ↑ (en) George Frerks et Bart Klem, Dealing with diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, (ISBN 90-5031-091-5), p. 118
  31. ↑ (en) Humphrey Hawksley, « Massacre in Akkaraipattu », The Guardian/Tamil Nation,‎ (lire en ligne)
  32. ↑ (en) IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, , p. 363
  33. ↑ (en) TamilNet, « TamilNet », sur www.tamilnet.com (consulté le )
  34. ↑ (en-US) « 31 Kurunagar – Fishermen massacred at Mandaitheevu remembered - Tamil Diplomat », Tamil Diplomat,‎ (lire en ligne)
  35. ↑ (en) Dhana Hughes, Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror, Routledge, (ISBN 1135038155, lire en ligne), p. 13
  36. ↑ « World Report 1990: Sri Lanka - Human Rights Developments », Human Rights Watch
  37. ↑ (en) Mark Juergensmeyer, Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda, University of California Press, (ISBN 978-0-520-25554-8, lire en ligne), p. 132
  38. ↑ (en) Mark Whitaker, Native on the Net: Indigenous and Diasporic Peoples in the Virtual Age, Routledge, (ISBN 978-1-134-50180-9, lire en ligne), « Internet Counter Counter-Insurgency: TamilNet.com and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka », p. 261
  39. ↑ (en) Margaret Trawick, New Horizons in Medical Anthropology: Essays in Honour of Charles Leslie, Routledge, (ISBN 0-203-39851-3, lire en ligne), « Killing and Healing Revisited: On Cultural Difference, Warfare and Sacrifice », p. 287
  40. ↑ (en) Patricia Hyndman et Jeannine Guthrie, Human Rights Accountability in Sri Lanka, Human Rights Watch, (ISBN 1-56432-072-3, lire en ligne), p. 7
  41. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 33: India shows its hand »
  42. ↑ a et b D. McConnell, « The Tamil people's right to self-determination », Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 21, no 1,‎ , p. 59–76 (DOI 10.1080/09557570701828592, lire en ligne, consulté le )
  43. ↑ a et b « Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  44. ↑ Hamid Gharavi, « Arbitration under Bilateral Investment Treaties, American Arbitration Association’s A.D.R.J. and Mealey’s Int. Arb. Report, May 1998 » [archive du ], Salans, (consulté le )
  45. ↑ (en) William McGowan, Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka, Farrar Straus & Giroux, , 243–244 p. (ISBN 0-374-22652-0)
  46. ↑ « ASA 37/020/1990 Sri Lanka Briefing: A human rights crisis », Amnesty International, , p. 5
  47. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 45: War continues with brutality »
  48. ↑ « Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 2: Reports », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  49. ↑ « Report No. 5: August: A Bloody Stalemate - Chapter 9: The East : Looking Back », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  50. ↑ « Briefing No. 1 - Human rights and The Issues of War and Peace », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  51. ↑ (en) University of Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna, Sri Lanka), A Sovereign will to self-destruct: the continuing sage of dislocation & disintegration, University Teachers for Human Rights, University of Jaffna, , 46 p. (lire en ligne)
  52. ↑ « Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  53. ↑ a et b « World Report 2002 - Events of 2001 : Sri Lanka », Human Rights Watch
  54. ↑ (en) Rajan Hoole, Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder, University Teachers for Human Rights, , 378-397 p. (ISBN 955-9447-04-1, lire en ligne)
  55. ↑ (en) Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West, University of California Press, (ISBN 0-520-23240-2), p. 121
  56. ↑ « Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 2: Batticaloa and Amparai Districts », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  57. ↑ Cynthia Caron, « Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation », Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 38, no 11,‎ , p. 1029–1031 (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  58. ↑ (en) Patricia Lawrence, The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, (ISBN 955-580-076-6), p. 40
  59. ↑ (en) « Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town », Xinhua News Agency, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  60. ↑ a b c et d « ASA 37/014/1991 Sri Lanka: The Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict », Amnesty International,
  61. ↑ « ASA 37/001/1992 Sri Lanka: Summary of human rights concerns during 1991 », Amnesty International,
  62. ↑ « The Tamil people's right to self-determination », Cambridge Review of International Affairs,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  63. ↑ (en) Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of 1990s, A manual for action, Amnesty International, , 16–22 p. (ISBN 90-6463-095-X)
  64. ↑ (en) Kishali Pinto Jayawardena, « Recognizing some valuable lessons: The Krishanthi case in retrospect », The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka),‎ (lire en ligne)
  65. ↑ « ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa », Amnesty International,
  66. ↑ « Report No. 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament - Chapter 7: Massacres In The Polonnaruwa District », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  67. ↑ (en) « Soldiers acquitted in Sri Lanka », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  68. ↑ « Jury finds Mylanthanai massacre accused not guilty » [archive du ], Sri Lanka Monitor
  69. ↑ « Special Report No. 16 - Child Conscription and Peace: A Tragedy of Contradictions », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  70. ↑ « ASA 37/001/1993 Sri Lanka: An assessment of the human rights situation », Amnesty International,
  71. ↑ « Report No. 10: Rays of Hope Amidst Deepening Gloom - Chapter 0: Special Feature : Massacre in the Jaffna Lagoon », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  72. ↑ (en) Shamindra Fernando, « Navy demolishes Tiger boats », The Island (Sri Lanka),‎
  73. ↑ (en) Bendigt Olsen, Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook, Springer, (ISBN 90-6544-845-4), p. 368
  74. ↑ (en) K. T. Rajasingham, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story (lire en ligne), « Chapter 53: The Kilaly massacre »
  75. ↑ a et b « Special Report No. 5 - From Manal Aru To Weli Oya and The spirit of July 1983 », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  76. ↑ « ASA 37/010/1995 Sri Lanka: Reports of extrajudicial executions during May 1995 », Amnesty International,
  77. ↑ « Sri Lanka: Stop Killings of Civilians », Human Rights Watch,
  78. ↑ « Sri Lanka Human Rights Practices, 1995 » [archive du ], United States Department of State/University of Illinois at Chicago,
  79. ↑ D. Somasundaram, « Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas », Medicine, Conflict and Survival , vol. 13, no 4,‎ , p. 333–347 (DOI 10.1080/13623699708409357)
  80. ↑ « World Report 1996: Sri Lanka », Human Rights Watch
  81. ↑ « Navy assault on fishermen » [archive du ], Sri Lanka Monitor
  82. ↑ « Srilanka : Civilian well being in a time of war : A lost hope? », University Teachers for Human Rights,
  83. ↑ « Amnesty International report » [archive du ]
  84. ↑ « Report on Kumarapuram massacre » [archive du ]
  85. ↑ « probe Trincomalee massacre »
  86. ↑ « HRW Report »
  87. ↑ « Kumarapuram village »
  88. ↑ « Amnesty International Report » [archive du ], Amnesty International.org (consulté le )
  89. ↑ « Tampalakamam accused shot dead », Tamilnet.com (consulté le )
  90. ↑ a et b « Amnesty International Report » [archive du ], Amnesty International.org (consulté le )
  91. ↑ Sri Lanka: Air Force bombing at Puthukkudiyiruppu -- Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 16 September 1999
  92. ↑ a b et c MSF urges respect for the safety of civilians caught in Sri Lanka fighting, Médecins Sans Frontières, 16 May 2000
  93. ↑ a et b (en) « Mirusuvil massacre case », BBC.com,‎ (lire en ligne)
  94. ↑ « Child soldiers:Understanding the context » [archive du ], BMJ.com,
  95. ↑ (en) « Mirusuvil mass graves », British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor,‎ (lire en ligne)
  96. ↑ « Activities of Center for Human Rights Development », chrdsrilanka.org,
  97. ↑ Unfinished Business of the Five Students and ACF Cases– A Time to call the Bluff
  98. ↑ a et b « Is the State complacent? » [archive du ], The Nation (consulté le )
  99. ↑ « 'Murder of five Tamil youths highlights need to end impunity' – Govt must protect witnesses to Trinco killings – HRW », Human Rights Watch (consulté le )
  100. ↑ « Tamil journalist gunned down in Trincomalee after covering paramilitary abuses » [archive du ], Reporters Without Borders (consulté le )
  101. ↑ Sri Lanka: Amnesty International condemns killings of civilians « https://web.archive.org/web/20070911101052/http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arcview&article=3479&c=Resource+Centre+News »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , Amnesty International Canada, 16 May 2006
  102. ↑ The Choice between Anarchy and International Law with Monitoring, University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Special Report No. 23, 7 November 2006
  103. ↑ Sri Lanka villagers flee massacre, BBC News, 20 May 2006
  104. ↑ « 10 civilians killed, in SLA pressure mine attack », sur TamilNet (consulté le )
  105. ↑ « SLA soldiers massacre family of four in Vankalai, Mannar », sur TamilNet (consulté le )
  106. ↑ Probe on Pesalai church attack - Acting on local and international reports « https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214050/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/6/7433.html »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , LankaNewspapers.com, 24 June 2006
  107. ↑ Sri Lankan forces 'target church', BBC News, 18 June 2006
  108. ↑ Catholic church attacked; bishop accuses navy, National Catholic Reporter, 20 June 2006
  109. ↑ (en) « 15 NGO workers killed », The Hindu, Chennai, India,‎ (lire en ligne)
  110. ↑ (en) Justin Huggler, « Europe accuses Sri Lankan army of assassinating aid workers », The Independent, UK, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  111. ↑ The Killing Match, Amnesty International Magazine, Winter 2006
  112. ↑ From Welikade to Mutur and Pottuvil: A Generation of Moral Denudation and the Rise of Heroes with Feet of Clay, University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) Special Report No. 25, 31 May 2007
  113. ↑ Sri Lanka church shelled in gov’t attack on rebels « https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123742/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=20884 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , Catholic Online, 14 August 2006
  114. ↑ Hell in the north: church and children's home destroyed « https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083436/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=6949 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , AsiaNews.it, 14 August 2006
  115. ↑ (en) « 61 girls killed in airstrike, 8 dead in Colombo blast (2nd Roundup) », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne)
  116. ↑ (en) Justin Huggler, « Sri Lankan army warns children can be targets », The Independent, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  117. ↑ (en) « Dispute over Sri Lanka air raids », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  118. ↑ Sri Lankan schoolgirls killed
  119. ↑ (en) « Lanka army 'kills 45 civilians' », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne)
  120. ↑ Sri Lanka to open road to Jaffna, BBC News, 20 November 2006
  121. ↑ Soldier, PC arrested in Thandikulam killing « https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013036/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/11/27/sec06.asp »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , Daily News, 27 November 2006
  122. ↑ Sri Lanka Troops Kill 5 Youths, Monitors Say, New York Times, 20 November 2006
  123. ↑ Sri Lanka raid 'kills civilians', BBC News, 2 January 2007
  124. ↑ War of words and figures as press gets less access to the field « https://web.archive.org/web/20070224001039/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20349 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , Reporters Sans Frontiers, 5 January 2007
  125. ↑ http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=25734
  126. ↑ a b et c Department of State 2009, p. 16.
  127. ↑ a b c d e f g et h « Sri Lanka: Repeated Shelling of Hospitals Evidence of War Crimes », Human Rights Watch,
  128. ↑ a b c et d Department of State 2009, p. 17.
  129. ↑ a b c et d « Asia Report N°191 - WAR CRIMES IN SRI LANKA » [archive du ], International Crisis Group,
  130. ↑ a et b Department of State 2009, p. 18.
  131. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 18-19.
  132. ↑ « Sri Lanka: ICRC maintains support for hospital hit by shelling », International Committee of the Red Cross,
  133. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 20-21.
  134. ↑ a b et c Department of State 2009, p. 21.
  135. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 21-22.
  136. ↑ a b c d et e Department of State 2009, p. 22.
  137. ↑ « Sri Lanka: ICRC evacuates over 240 wounded and sick from the Vanni by sea », International Committee of the Red Cross,
  138. ↑ (en) Gethin Chamberlain, « Sri Lankan hospital shelled in Tamil no-fire zone », The Guardian, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  139. ↑ a b et c Department of State 2009, p. 23.
  140. ↑ a b c d e et f Department of State 2009, p. 24.
  141. ↑ a b c et d Department of State 2009, p. 25.
  142. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 25-26.
  143. ↑ a b et c Department of State 2009, p. 26.
  144. ↑ a b c et d Department of State 2009, p. 27.
  145. ↑ a b et c Department of State 2009, p. 28.
  146. ↑ a et b Department of State 2009, p. 29.
  147. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 30.
  148. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 31.
  149. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 31-32.
  150. ↑ a et b Department of State 2009, p. 33.
  151. ↑ a et b Department of State 2009, p. 34.
  152. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 35.
  153. ↑ a et b Department of State 2009, p. 36.
  154. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 37.
  155. ↑ (en) « Hospital 'hit by Sri Lankan army' », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  156. ↑ (en) Nick Paton Walsh, « 'Sri Lankan army hits hospital' », Channel 4 News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  157. ↑ (en) « '64 civilians killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack' », Daily Telegraph, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  158. ↑ (en) « Sri Lanka war zone hospital 'hit' », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  159. ↑ (en) « Doctor says 49 killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack », The Guardian, London,‎ (lire en ligne)
  160. ↑ (en) « 49 patients killed as shell hits Lanka hospital », The Times of India,‎ (lire en ligne)
  161. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 38.
  162. ↑ Department of State 2009, p. 40.
  163. ↑ (en) « Sri Lanka's prison clash 'a massacre' », BBC News,‎ (lire en ligne)
  164. ↑ (en) « Sri Lanka Opposition Says 27 Prisoners Died in a ‘Massacre’ », Associated Press/The New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  165. ↑ (en) Meera Srinivasan, « Three killed as Sri Lankan Army clamps down on protesters », The Hindu,‎ (lire en ligne)
  166. ↑ « Sri Lanka: Investigate ‘Clean Water’ Protest Deaths », Human Rights Watch,
  167. ↑ (en) Nirmala Kannangara, « The Cry For Water At Weliweriya », The Sunday Leader,‎ (lire en ligne)

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